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ICD-10 RCPCH codea
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Birth defects
|
Number of defects
|
cOR (95% CI)
|
aOR (95% CI)d
|
p-value
|
|---|
| | |
12–19 years
|
20–34 years
| | | |
|---|
|
Neural tube defects (NTD)*
| |
9
|
95
|
0.77 (0.39–1.52)
|
0.63 (0.27–1.52)
|
0.311
|
|
Q00.0
|
Anencephaly
|
2
|
27
|
0.60 (0.14–2.52)
|
0.64 (0.14–2.90)
|
0.559
|
|
Q00.1
|
Craniorachischisis
|
0
|
2
|
na
|
na
|
na
|
|
Q01.0–Q01.2, Q01.8–Q01.9
|
Encephalocele
|
4
|
11
|
2.94 (0.94–9.24)
|
1.43 (0.27–7.43)
|
0.673
|
|
Q05.0–Q05.9
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Spina bifida
|
3
|
56
|
0.43 (0.14–1.38)
|
0.40 (0.08–1.67)
|
0.202
|
|
Q02
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Microcephaly
|
3
|
6
|
4.04 (1.01–16.17) β
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4.54 (0.81–25.39)
|
0.085
|
|
Malformations of eyes and ears
|
5
|
28
|
1.44 (0.56–3.74)
|
3.09 (1.01–9.42)
|
0.047
|
|
Q11–Q11.1; Q11.2
|
Anophthalmia; Microphthalmia
|
3
|
12
|
2.02 (0.57–7.16)
|
3.21 (0.71–14.38)
|
0.128
|
|
Q16.0; Q17.2
|
Anotia; Microtia
|
2
|
16
|
1.01 (0.23–4.40)
|
2.94 (0.55–15.72)
|
0.206
|
|
Orofacial cleftsb
|
9
|
51
|
1.43 (0.70–2.90)
|
1.28 (0.57–2.91)
|
0.549
|
|
Q35.1–Q35.9, Q38.5, Q87.0
|
Cleft palate
|
2
|
13
|
1.24 (0.28–5.51)
|
0.71 (0.08–6.12)
|
0.752
|
|
Q36.0, Q36.9
|
Cleft lip alone
|
3
|
12
|
2.02 (0.57–7.16)
|
2.54 (0.59–11.50)
|
0.213
|
|
Q37.0–Q37.9
|
Cleft lip + palate
|
4
|
26
|
1.24 (0.43–3.56)
|
1.09 (0.35–3.41)
|
0.877
|
|
Q42.3
|
Imperforate anus
|
1
|
20
|
0.40 (0.05–3.01)
|
1.06 (0.12–9.08)
|
0.960
|
|
Q54.0–Q54.3, Q54.8–Q54.9
|
Hypospadiasc
|
10
|
104
|
0.75 (0.39–1.44)
|
0.63 (0.29–1.34)
|
0.230
|
|
Musculoskeletal system*
|
45
|
214
|
1.70 (1.23–2.35)β
|
1.69 (1.15–2.50)
|
0.008
|
|
Q66.0, Q66.8
|
Talipes equinovarus
|
22
|
128
|
1.41 (0.89–2.22)
|
1.33 (0.77–2.30)
|
0.309
|
|
Q71.0–Q73.8
|
Total limb reduction
|
8
|
44
|
1.47 (0.69–3.12)
|
1.75 (0.67–4.56)
|
0.249
|
|
Q79.2
|
Omphalocele
|
8
|
41
|
1.58 (0.74–3.37)
|
2.17 (0.92–5.18)
|
0.078
|
|
Q79.3
|
Gastroschisis
|
8
|
14
|
4.62 (1.93–11.02)β
|
3.20 (1.12–9.13)
|
0.030
|
- * Some infants had more than one type of defect in the neural tube defects and musculoskeletal system categories
- aInternational Classification of Disease 10, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (ICD-10 RCPCH), used to specifically clasify the types of defects included [49]
- bExcluded Q36.1 (medial Cleft lip) because it is suggestive of underlying brain malformation (holoprosencephaly) and chromosomal syndrome [50]
- βStatistically significant at p<0.05
- na - Prevalence, cOR, aOR, and 95% confidence intervals that cannot be calculated
- cDenominator for males: N=51,922; 12-19 Years (n= 5,896); 20-34 Years (n= 46,026)
- dCovariates for the birth defect models: parity and initiation time of prenatal care
